https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index en-au 5 https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:54481 Tue 27 Feb 2024 15:05:09 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36114 Thu 13 Feb 2020 09:38:08 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:20107 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:00:10 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:19132 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:55:53 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:21109 Helicobacter pylori flourish despite the hostile environment. Whilst H. pylori is the most studied bacteria in this region with a defined role in inflammation and neoplasia, it is apparent that other bacteria may contribute to UGI disease. Aim: To review current knowledge of bacteria inhabiting the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Methods: Published studies on the upper gastrointestinal microbiome (extracted from PubMed during the last 20 years). Results: The stomach is a hostile environment for bacteria; however, recent studies categorising the microbiota have shown surprising results. Helicobacter pylori has been intensively studied since 1984 and recent sequencing analysis of other gastric microbiota shows that H. pylori is not alone. Composition can be influenced by acid suppression, gastritis and abundance of H. pylori. Eradication of H. pylori, whilst decreasing gastric cancer is associated with an increase in asthma, reflux and obesity. A future approach may be to selectively eradicate bacteria which predispose to inflammation and cancer as opposed to a comprehensive knockout policy. In the oesophagus, viridans streptococci are the most common bacteria influenced by both oral and gastric bacteria. Oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus are characterised by a significant decrease in Gram-positive bacteria and an increase in Gram-negative bacteria. An inverse association of H. pylori and oesophageal adenocarcinoma is described. The duodenal microbiome has been shown to influence small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, irritable bowel syndrome and coeliac disease. The numbers of bacteria recoverable by culture are variable in the stomach mucosa and gastric juice, typically 10²-10⁴ colony-forming units (CFU)/g or mL and in the oesophagus, up to 10⁴ bacteria per mm² mucosal surface. In the small bowel, in health, 10³ CFU/mL are normal. Conclusion: This review highlights current knowledge of upper gastrointestinal bacteria and associations with disease.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:54:02 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:26616 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:34:00 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:34430 -/- murine colitis treated with vehicle or HIF-stabilizing prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDi). IL12B promoter analysis was performed to examine hypoxia-responsive elements. Immunoblot analysis of murine and human LPL supernatants was performed to characterize the HIF/IL-12p40 signaling axis. We observed selective induction of IL-12p40 following PHDi-treatment, concurrent with suppression of Th1 and Th17 responses in murine colitis models. In the absence of IL-12p40, PHDi-treatment was ineffective. Analysis of the IL12B promoter identified canonical HIF-binding sites. HIF stabilization in LPLs resulted in production of IL-12p40 homodimer which was protective against colitis. The selective induction of IL-12p40 by HIF-1α leads to a suppression of mucosal Th1 and Th17 responses. This HIF-IL12p40 axis may represent an endogenously protective mechanism to limit the progression of chronic inflammation, shifting from pro-inflammatory IL-12p70 to an antagonistic IL-12p40 homodimer.]]> Mon 20 Feb 2023 14:56:13 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:34641 2 months without response to acid suppression. Controls presented with nonerosive reflux disease, dysphagia or rumination syndrome. Intramucosal eosinophil counts were compared between the groups using uni- and multivariate regression analyses. Results: Thirty-six cases and 36 nonmatched controls were identified. Atopic history (39% vs. 25%) and psychological comorbidity (53% vs. 39%; both P = 0.2) were frequent in cases and controls. Self-reported nausea (64% vs. 17%; P < 0.0001), lethargy (19% vs. 0%; P = 0.005) and family functional gastrointestinal disorder(FGID) (28% vs. 3%; P = 0.003) were more common in cases than controls. Duodenal eosinophil counts [median (IQR): 151 (118-207) vs. 76 (60-106) per mm²; P < 0.001] were significantly higher in cases than controls with > 112 eosinophils per mm² predictive for FD (OR: 33.6, 95% CI: 7.1-159.0; P < 0.001). Duodenal eosinophilia was associated with weight loss (OR: 7.1, 95% CI: 1.1-45.5; P = 0.04). Conclusions: Functional dyspepsia in children is strongly associated with duodenal eosinophilia, in the absence of endoscopic or routine histological findings. Frequent atopic and psychological comorbidity illustrate likely multifactorial mechanisms.]]> Fri 05 Apr 2019 15:31:55 AEDT ]]>